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the Bibliography

The scholarship on Indigenous slavery is nearly a century old. While largely overshadowed by African slavery, particularly in the United States, the work has developed into its own credible field. The following bibliography reflects this work.

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Alonso, Ana Maria. Thread of Blood: Colonialism, Revolution, and Gender on Mexico’s Northern Frontier. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995.

Altman, Ida. The War for Mexico’s West: Indians and Spaniards in New Galicia, 1524–1550. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010.

This book examines the Spanish conquest of New Galicia and its impact on Indigenous communities between 1524 and 1550. Altman offers a carefully researched account of the complex interactions between Spaniards and Indigenous peoples, focusing on how the region’s Indigenous resistance shaped colonial policies and expansion. Drawing on archival documents, Altman highlights the violent suppression of uprisings and the role of forced labor in consolidating Spanish power. The author’s expertise in early colonial Latin American history lends significant credibility to her analysis, while her balanced approach sheds light on Indigenous strategies of resistance and survival. This work is invaluable for understanding the dynamics of Indigenous enslavement and colonial exploitation in Mexico’s western frontiers.

Altman, Ida. Contesting Conquest: Indigenous Perspectives on the Spanish Occupation of Nueva Galicia, 1524-1545. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017.

Altman, Ida and Wheat, David, eds. The Spanish Caribbean and the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019.

Amaguer, Tomás. Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Anderson, Emma. The Betrayal of Faith: The Tragic Journey of a Colonial Native Convert. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007.

Anderson-Cordova, Karen F. Surviving Spanish Conquest: Indian Fight, Flight and Cultural Transformation in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2017.

Arango Puerta, Mauricio and Montoya Guzmán, eds. Fuentes para la historia de la guerra contra los indios pijaos, 1602-1604. Academia Colombiana de Historia, 2024.

Arranz Márquez, Luis. Repartimientos y encomiendas en la Isla Española (El Repartimiento de Alburquerque de 1514). Madrid: Ediciones Fundación García Arévalo, 1991.

Arriaga Mesa, Marcos. La Habana, 1550– 1600: Tierra, hombres y mercado. Madrid: Silex Ediciones, 2014

Bailey, L.R. Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest. Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1966.

Bandelier, Adolph. The Delight Makers. Public Domain, 1890.

Barba, Paul. Country of the Cursed and the Driven: Slavery and the Texas Borderlands. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2021.

Barber, Ruth. Indian Labor in the Spanish Colonies. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1932.

Barcia, Manuel. Seeds of Insurrection: Domination and Slave Resistance on Cuban Plantations. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008.

Barr, Juliana. “A Spectrum of Indian Bondage in Spanish Texas.” In Indian Slavery in Colonial America, Alan Gallay, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009, pp. 277 - 317.

Barrero García, Ana María, and José María Soto Rábanos, eds. La glosa magna de Gregorio López (sobre la doctrina de guerra justa en el siglo xvi). Mexico City: Escuela Libre de Derecho, 2005.

Barrientos, Bartólome. Pedro Menéndez de Aviles: Founder of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1966.

Bataillon, Gilles, Gilles Bienvenu, and Ambrosio Velasco Gómez, eds. Las teorías de la guerra justa en el siglo XVI y sus expresiones contemporáneas. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, 2008.

Bergad, Laird. Cuban Rural Society in the Nineteenth Century: The Social and Economic History of Monoculture in Matanzas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Bergad, Laird, Fe Iglesias García, and María del Carmen Barcia. The Cuban Slave Market, 1790– 1880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Berger, Eugene C. This Incurable Evil: Mapuche Resistance to Spanish Enslavement, 1598-1687. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2023.

Berthe, Jean-Pierre. “Aspectos de la esclavitud de los indios en la Nueva España durante la primera mitad del siglo XVI,” in Estudios de Historia de la Nueva España de Sevilla a Manila. Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, 1994, p. 67

Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492– 1800. London: Verso, 1998.

Block, Sharon. “Lines of Color, Sex, and Service: Comparative Sexual Coercion in Early America.” Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes. New York: New York University Press, 1999, pp.. 141-63.

Blumenthal, Debra. Enemies and Familiars: Slavery and Mastery in Fifteenth-Century Valencia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009.

Bolton, Herbert E. The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921.

Bosch García, Carlos. La esclavitud prehispánica entre los Aztecas. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1944

Brannon, Jeffrey T., and Gilbert M. Joseph, eds. Land, Labor, and Capital in Modern Yucatán: Essays in Regional History and Political Economy. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991.

Brooks, James F. Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Brown, Tracy L. Pueblo Indians and Spanish Colonial Authority in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2013.

Brown, Vincent. The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.

Browne, Eric. “Caringe Awaye Their Corne and Children: The Effects of Westo Slave Raids on the Indians of the Lower South.” Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South. eds. Robbie Ethridge and Sheri M. Shuck-Hall. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

Brugge, David M. “Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico,” Spanish Borderlands Sourcebook. 10th ser. ed. David H. Snow. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1992.

Brugge, David M. “Captives and Slaves on the Camino Real.” In El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, Vol. 2, J. Piper (Ed). Santa Fe: Bureau of Land Management, New Mexico State Office, 1999, pp. 103 - 110.

Bryant, Sherwin. Rivers of Gold, Lives of Bondage: Governing through Slavery in Colonial Quito. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

Burns, Robert I., ed. Las Siete Partidas. 5 vols. Translated by Samuel Parsons Scott. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

Calderón, Melchor and Diego de Rosales, “Debating Indian Slavery,” and “To Sell, Give, Donate, Trade, or Exchange”: Certification of Indian Enslavement, The Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics, 2013

Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, eds. Children in Slavery through the Ages. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009.

Carrillo Cazares, Alberto. El debate sobre la guerra Chichimeca, 1531– 1585. 2 vols. Zamora, Mexico: Colegio de Michoacán, 2000.

Carrillo, Charles M. “Oral History-Ethnohistory of the Abiquiú Reservoir Area.” In History and Ethnohistory along the Rio Chama, Eds. Frank J. Wozniak, Meade F. Kemrer, and Charles M. Carrillo. Albuquerque: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992.

Cannon Brian Q. “Adopted or Indentured, 1850-1870: Native Children in Mormon Households.” In Nearly Everything Imaginable: The Everyday Life of Utah’s Mormon Pioneers, Eds. Robert W. Walker and Doris R. Dant, Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1999, pp. 341-57.

Casanovas, Joan. Bread or Bullets! Urban Labor and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850– 1898. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998.

Castillo, Elias. A Cross of Thorns: The Enslavement of California’s Indians by the Spanish Missions. Fresno: Craven Street Books, 2015.

Castro, Daniel. Another Face of Empire: Bartolomé de las Casas, Indigenous Rights, and Ecclesiastical Imperialism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.

Castro, Inés de. Cantones y comandantes: Una visión diferente de la Guerra de Castas desde la región de los Pacifícos del Sur. Campeche, Mexico City: Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, 2007.

Chamberlain, Robert S. Castilian Backgrounds of the Repartimiento-Encomienda. Washington DC: Carnegie Institute, 1939.

Chamberlain, Robert S. The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras, 1502–1550. New York: Octagon, 1966.

Chaplain, Joyce E. “Enslavement of Indians in Early America: Captivity without the Narrative.” in The Creation of the British Atlantic World, eds. Carole Shammas and Elizabeth Mancke, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015, pp. 45 - 70.

Chávez, Fray Angélico. Origins of New Mexico Families: A Genealogy of the Spanish Colonial Period. Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1992.

Chávez, Fray Angélico. “Genizaros,” in Handbook of North American Indians, Southwest, Vol. 9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979.

Chávez Leyva, Yolanda. “‘A Poor Widow Burdened with Children’: Widows and Land in Colonial New Mexico,” in Writing the Range: Race, Class and Culture in Women’s West, eds. Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

Cook, Sherbourne F. The Conflict Between the California Indians and White Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

Conrad, Paul. Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021.

Córdova, Josephine M. No lloro pero me acuerdo. Ed. Kathryn Córdova. Dallas: Taylor Publishing, 1976.

Correll, J. Lee. Through White Men’s Eyes: A Contribution to Navajo History, Vols. I, II. Window Rock, AZ, 1976.

Cortés Alonso, Vicenta. La esclavitud en Valencia durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos (1479–1516). Valencia: Excmo. Ayuntamiento, 1964.

da Nóbrega, M. Cartas do Brasil. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1988.

Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966.

Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: the Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Deive, Carlos Esteban. La Española y la esclavitud del indio. Santo Domingo: Fundación García Arévalo, 1995.

Demorizi, Emilio Rodríguez. Los Dominicos y las encomiendas de indios de la isla Española. Santo Domingo: Editora del Caribe, 1971.

del Castillo, Bernal Díaz and García, Genaro, Eds. The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517-1721. Trans. A.P. Maudslay, 1584. Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.

del Paso y Troncoso, Francisco, ed. Epistolario de Nueva España, 1505–1818. 2 vols. Mexico City: Antigua Librería Robredo, 1939.

Domínguez Ortíz, Antonio. La esclavitud en Castilla en la Edad Moderna y otros estudios de marginados. Granada: Editorial Comares, 2003.

Dumond, Don E. The Machete and the Cross: Campesino Rebellion in Yucatan. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.

Ekberg, Carl J. Stealing Indian Women: Native Slavery in the Illinois Country. Urbana: University of Chicago Press, 2012.

Eltis, David, and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Eltis, David, Frank D. Lewis, and Kenneth Lee Sokoloff, eds. Slavery in the Development of the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Etheridge, Robbie and Shuck-Hall, Sheri M. eds. Mapping the Mississippi Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

Fabié y Escudero, Antonio María. Vida y escritos de Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Obispo de Chiapa. 2 vols. Madrid: Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta, 1879.

Farías, Eduardo Arcila. El régimen de la encomienda en Venezuela. Sevilla: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1957.

Farmer, Jared. On Zion’s Mount: Mormons, Indians and the American Landscape. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.

Farriss, Nancy M. “Persistent Maya Resistance and Cultural Retention in Yucatan.” The Indian in Latin American History: Resistance, Resilience, and Acculturation, ed. John E. Kicza, pp. 51– 68. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1993.

Forbes, Jack D. Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. 2d Edition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

Forbes, Jack D. Apache, Navajo and Spaniard. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.

Forte, Maximilian C., ed. Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.

Forte, Maximilian, ed. Who Is an Indian? Race, Place and the Politics of Indigeneity in the Americas. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013.

Francis, J. Michael. Invading Colombia: Spanish Accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Expedition of Conquest. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2007.

Franco, José Luciano. Comercio clandestino de esclavos. Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1985.

Franco Silva, Alonso. La esclavitud en Andalucía, 1450–1550. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1992

Franco Silva, Alonso. La esclavitud en Sevilla y su tierra a fines de la Edad Media. Seville: Diputación Provincial de Sevilla, 1979.

Franco Silva, Alonso. Regesto documental sobre la esclavitud sevillana (1453–1513). Seville: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, 1979.

Friede, Juan, and Benjamin Keen, eds. Bartolomé de Las Casas in History: Toward an Understanding of the Man and His Work. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1971.

Fynn-Paul, Jeff and Pargas, Damian Alan, eds. Slaving Zones: Cultural Identities, Ideologies, and Institutions in the Evolution of Global Slavery. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2017.

Gabbert, Wolfgang. Becoming Maya: Ethnicity and Social Inequality in Yucatan since 1500. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004.

Galgano, Robert C. Feast of Souls: Indians and Spaniards in the Seventeenth-Century Missions of Florida and New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005.

Gallay, Alan. “Indian Slavery.” In The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas, eds. Robert L. Paquette and Mark M. Smith. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp 312-35.

Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670 - 1717. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.

Gallay, Alan, ed. Indian Slavery in Colonial America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

Gallegos, Bernardo. Postcolonial Indigenous Performances: Coyote Musings on Genízaros, Hybridity, Education, and Slavery. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 2017.

Ghachem, Malick W. The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964.

Gil-Bermejo Garcia, Juana. “Indígenas americanos en Andalucía.” Andalucía y América en el siglo XVI: Actas de las II Jornadas de Andalucía y América: Universidad de Santa María de la Rábida, marzo-1982, eds. Bibiano Torres Ramírez et al. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1983, pp. 535-55.

Giménez Fernández, Manuel. Bartolomé de las Casas: Capellán de S.M. Carlos I, Poblador de Cumaná (1517–1523). Vol. 2. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano- Americanos de Sevilla, 1960.

Giménez Fernández, Manuel. Bartolomé de las Casas: Delegado de Cisneros para la reformación de las Indias (1516–1517). Vol. 1. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1953.

Góngora, Mario. Los grupos de conquistadores en Tierra Firme (1509–1530): Fisonomía histórico-social de un tipo de conquista. Santiago: Universidad de Chile, Centro de Historia Colonial, 1962.

González de Barcia Carballido y Zúñiga, Andrés. Historiadores primitivos de las Indias Occidentales. 3 vols. Madrid: n.p., 1749.

González, Deena J. “Juanotilla of Cochiti, Vecina and Coyota Nuevomexicanas in the Eighteenth Century.” in Richard Etulain, Ed. New Mexican Lives: Profiles and Historical Stories, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.

González, Michael J. “The Child of the Wilderness Weeps for the Father of Our Country: The Indian and the Politics of Church and State in Provincial California.” In Contested Eden: California Before the Gold Rush/California History, eds. Ramón A. Gutiérrez and Richard J. Orsi. Berkeley: University of California Press/California Historical Society, 1997.

Gonzales, Moises and Lamadrid, Enrique R., eds. Nación Genízara. Ethnogenesis, Place and Identity in New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2019.

González, Ondina E., and Bianca Premo. Raising an Empire: Children in Early Modern Iberia and Colonial Latin America, eds. Ondina E. González and Bianca Premo. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007.

González Navarro, Moisés. Raza y tierra: La guerra de castas y el henequén. Nueva serie 10. Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Históricos, Colegio de México, 1970.

Gosner, Kevin and Ouweneel, Arij, eds.. Indigenous Revolts in Chiapas and the Andean Highlands. Amsterdam: Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation, 1996.

Graubert, Karen B. With Our Labor and Our Sweat: Indigenous Women and the Formation of Colonial Society in Peru, 1550-1700. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.

Graullera Sanz, Vicente. La esclavitud en Valencia en los siglos XVI y XVII. Valencia: InstitutoValenciano de Estudios Históricos; Institución Alfonso el Magnánimo; Diputación Provincial; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1978.

Griffen, William. Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750– 1858. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Gruzinski, Serge. Las cuatro partes del mundo: Historia de una mundialización. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2010.

Gudeman, Stephen and Schwartz, Stuart B. “Baptismal godparents in slavery: Cleansing Original Sin in Eighteenth-Century Bahia,” in Raymond T. smith, ed., Interpreting Kinship Ideology and Practice in Latin America. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1984, pp. 35-58.

Güémez Pineda, Arturo. “Everyday Forms of Maya Resistance: Cattle Rustling in Northwestern Yucatan.” In Brannon and Joseph, Land, Labor, and Capital in Modern Yucatán, pp. 18– 50.

Guitar, Lynne. “The Requirement.” The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Junius P. Rodríguez, ed. Santa Barbara: abc-clio Press, 1997, pp. 1-545.

Gutiérrez, Ramón. When Jesus Came the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991.

Hackel, Steven W. “Land, Labor and Production: The Colonial Economy of Spanish and Mexican California.” In Contested Eden: California Before the Gold Rush/California History, Ramón A. Gutiérrez and Richard J. Orsi, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press/California Historical Society, 1997.

Hackel, Steven W. Children of Coyote, Missionaries of Saint Francis: Indian-Spanish Relations in Colonial California, 1769-1850. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Hanke, Lewis. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. Boston. Little, Brown, 1965 [1949].

Hanke, Lewis, and Manuel Giménez Fernández, eds. Bartolomé de las Casas, 1474–1566: Bibliografía crítica. Santiago de Chile: Fondo Histórico y Bibliográfico José Toribio Medina, 1954.

Hazard, Samuel. Santo Domingo, Past and Present: With a Glance at Hayti. 1873. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2012.

Heizer, Robert F. “Indian Servitude in California.” In History of Indian-White Relations, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 4, ed. Washburn Wilcomb. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988, pp. 414 - 416.

Herndon, Ruth Wallis and Sekatau, Ella Wilcox. “Colonizing the Children: Indian Youngsters in Servitude in Early Rhode Island.” In Reinterpreting New England Indians and the Colonial Experience. Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury, eds., Boston: The Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 2003, pp. 137 - 173.

Herndon, Ruth Wallis and Sekatau, Ella Wilcox. “Pauper Apprenticeship in Narragansett Country: A Different Name for Slavery in Early New England.” In Slavery/Antislavery in New England, 2005.

Herndon, Ruth Wallis and Murray, John E. Children Bound to Labor: The Pauper Apprentice System in Early America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009.

Hers, Marie-Areti, and José Luis Mirafuente, eds. Nómadas y sedentarios en el Norte de México. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2000.

Herzog, Tamar. Defining Nations: Immigrants and Citizens in Early Modern Spain and Spanish America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

Herzog, Tamar. “Identities and Processes of Identification in the Atlantic World.” Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World, Nicholas P. Canny and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 480-95.

Himmerich y Valencia, Robert. The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996 [1991].

Horn, Rebecca. Postconquest Coyoacan: Nahua-Spanish Relations in Central Mexico, 1519–1650. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Horst, René Harder D. The Stroessner Regime and Indigenous Resistance in Paraguay. Gainesville: University of Florida Pres, 2007.

Horvath, Steven M. “The Genízaro of the Eighteenth Century New Mexico; A Re-examination,” Discovery. Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1977, pp. 25-40.

Hulme, Peter. Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean. London: Methuen, 1986.

Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia. Fronteras étnicas en la conquista de Nicaragua y Nicoya: Entre la solidaridad y el conflicto 800 d.C-1544. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 2001.

Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia. Pueblos que capturan : esclavitud indígena al sur de América central del siglo XVI al XIX. Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, Costa Rica : Editorial UCR, 2012.

Israel, Jonathan. Race, Class, and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610–1670. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Jackson, Robert H. and Castillo, Edward. Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.

Jara, Alvaro. Guerra y sociedad en Chile: La transformación de la Guerra de Arauco y la esclavitude de los indios. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria, 1971

Jennings, Evelyn Powell. “‘Some Unhappy Indians Trafficked by Force’: Race, Status, and Work Discipline in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Cuba.” In Human Bondage in the Cultural ContactZone, eds. Raphael Hormann and Gesa Mackenthun. Munich: Waxmann, 2010, pp. 209-25.

Jennings, Evelyn Powell. “State Enslavement in Colonial Havana.” In Slavery without Sugar: Diversity in Caribbean Economy and Society since the 17th Century , ed. Verene A. Shepherd. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002, pp. 152-82.

Jiménez G., Morella A. La esclavitud indígena en Venezuela (siglo XVI). Caracas: Fuentes para la Historia Colonial de Venezuela, 1986.

John, Elizabeth A. H. Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, French in the Southwest, 1540-1795. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975.

Johnson, Carina Lee. Cultural Hierarchy in Sixteenth-Century Europe: The Ottomans and Aztecs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Johnson, D. Andrew. Enslaved Native Americans and the Making of Colonial South Carolina. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2024.

Johnston-Dodds, Kimberly. Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians. Sacramento: California Research Center, 1995.

Jones, Cameron D. In Service of Two Masters: The Missionaries of Ocopa, Indigenous Resistance, and Spanish Governance in Bourbon Peru. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018.

Jones, Sondra. The Trial of Don Pedro León Luján: The Attack against Indian Slavery and Mexican Traders in Utah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000.

Jordan, Annemarie. “Images of Empire: Slaves in the Lisbon Household and Court of Catherine of Austria.” Black Africans in Renaissance Europe, eds. T. F. Earle and K. J. P. Lowe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 155-80.

Julián, Amadeo. Bancos, ingenios y esclavos en la época colonial. Santo Domingo: Banco de Reservas de la República Dominicana, 1997.

Kagan, Richard L. Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile, 1500–1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

Kessell, John. Kiva, Cross and Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987.

Kiser, William S. Borderlands of Slavery. The Struggle over Captivity and Peonage in the American Southwest. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.

Knight, Franklin. Slave Society in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970.

Konetzke, Richard, ed. Colección de documentos para la historia de la formación so- cial de Hispanoamérica, 1493–1810. 3 vols. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1953.

La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Lamar, Howard. “From Bondage to Contract: Ethnic Labor in the American West, 1600 - 1890.” In The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, eds. Steven Hahn and Jonathon Prude. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1985, pp. 293 - 324.

Lamadrid, Enrique R. “History, Faith, and Intercultural Relations in Two New Mexican Inditas: Plácida Romero and San Luis Gonzaga.” In Nuevomexicano Cultural Legacy: Forms, Agencies, and Discourse, Eds. Francisco A. Lomelí, Victor A. Sorell, and Genaro M. Padilla. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002, pp. 164-84.

Lamadrid, Enrique R. Hermanitos Comanchitos: Indo-Hispano Rituals of Captivity and Redemption. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003.

Lamadrid, Enrique R. “Cautivos y Criados: Cultural Memories of Slavery in New Mexico.” In Linking the Histories of Slavery: North America and Its Borderlands, eds. Bonnie Martin and James F. Brooks. Santa Fe: School for American Research, 2015, pp. 229-56.

Landers, Janet. “Africans and Native Americans on the Spanish Florida Frontier.” In Beyond Black and Red: African-Native Relations in Colonial Latin America, ed. Matthew Restall. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005, pp. 53-80.

las Casas, Bartolomé de. Apologética historia sumaria. Edited by Edmundo O’Gorman. 2 vols. Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1967.

las Casas, Bartolomé de. Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias. N.P., 1552.

las Casas, Bartolomé de. En defensa de los indios. Seville: Editoriales Andaluzas Unidas, 1985.

Lauber, Almon Wheeler. Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States. New York, 1913.

León, Nicolás. Las Castas del Mexico Colonial o Nueva España. Mexico: Talleres Gráficos del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, 1924.

Liang, Yuen-Gen. Family and Empire: The Fernández de Córdoba and the Spanish Realm. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Lightfoot, Kent G. Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

Lindsay, Brendan C. Murder State: California’s Native American Genocide, 1846 - 1873. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012.

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http://historiadesevilla.blogia.com/2010/030207-indios-americanos-en-sevilla-s.xvi-.php

Izquierdo Labrado, Julio. “La esclavitud en Huelva y Palos (1570–1587).” mgar.net, http://mgar.net/var/esclavos3.htm

Mira Caballos, Esteban. “De esclavos a siervos: Amerindios en España tras las Leyes Nuevas de 1542.” http://estebanmira.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/5/0/7950617/indio senespana.pdf.

Mira Caballos, Esteban. “Dos bautizos de indias en Carmona (1504).” El Descubrimiento de lo Otros (blog), 21 February 2011. http://indiosamericanosencastilla.blogia. com/2011/022101-dos-bautizos-de-indias-en-carmona-1504-.php.

Mira Caballos, Esteban. “Indios americanos en Sevilla, siglo XVI.” Historia de Sevilla (blog), March 2010. http://historiadesevilla.blogia.com/2010/030207-indios-americanos-en-sevilla-s.-xvi-.php

Mira Caballos, Esteban. “La segregación de La Campana de la jurisdicción de Carmona (1558).” http://estebanmira.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/5/0/7950617/segregacion.pdf.

Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar. Relaçión general. Early Americas Digital Archive, 2007, Seville: Archivo General de Indias, Justicia 1131, 1184r–1206v, 7 December 1545, http://mith.umd.edu//eada/html/display.php?docs=cabeza_ms1 .xml&action=show.

Rivers Editors, Charles. America’s Forgotten Slaves: The History of Native American Slavery in the New World and the United States. 2019. http://charlesre.wufoo.com.

Venegas Delgado, Hernán M. “Rebeliones de indios apaches y chichimecos en Cuba. Historiografía y realidades (fines del siglo XVIII a inicios del siglo XIX),” pp. 117-134. Online

Stolen Relations: Recovering Stories of Indigenous Enslavement in the Americas. Stolen Relations Project, Brown University/Tomaquag Museum, 2025, stolenrelations.org

Mena García, Carmen and Panera Rico, Carmen María. “Los inicios de la esclavitud indígena en el Darién y la desaparación de los ‘Cuevas’”. Congreso de la Asociación Española de Americanistas. Barcelona, Spain, 2011.

Muñoz-Arbeláez, Santiago. “‘En la frontera de los pijaos’: the making of an Andean borderland.” Colloquium on Latin American and Caribbean History, UC Santa Barbara, October 4, 2017.

Trigg, Heather and Gold, Debra. “Cultural Identity and Mestizaje in Seventeenth Century New Mexico.” Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, 2005.

Venegas Delgado, Hernan Maximiliano, Carlos Manuel Valdes Davila, and Paloma Amanda Alvarado Cardenas. “Emigración forzosa de los indios de la frontera norte imperial española en América y su envío a la Habana, Cuba, en calidad de esclavos (1763– 1821).” Paper presented at the 28th Simpósio Nacional de História, Associação Nacional dos Professores Universitários de História (ANPUH), Natal, Brazil, July 22– 26, 2013.

Worth, John E. “A History of Southeastern Indians in Cuba, 1513– 1823.” Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, St. Louis, MO, October 22, 2004

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